July 29, 2016

Prospectus Feature

Getting 'Em Outta There

by Rob Mains

Last month, Sam Miller argued in favor of changing the minimum innings qualification for the ERA title from 162 to 130 innings pitched. The reason is that starting pitchers today make fewer starts and pitch fewer innings per start than their counterparts decades ago. In 1969, the first year of divisional play, there were 79 pitchers who qualified for the ERA title, or 3.3 per team. Last year, the number of ERA qualifiers was almost identical, 78, but with 30 teams, the number of qualifiers per team was just 2.6. Sam’s proposal would have given us 3.5 per team.

This being Baseball Prospectus, Sam’s column did not elicit howls of outraged commenters complaining that modern starting pitchers are soft, pitching ever-fewer innings and relying on their bullpen to bail them out. There are two reasons we don’t see much of that here. First, I think most of us agree with Sam when he wrote:

…[P]itchers today throw fewer starts and fewer innings per start, but they throw more pitches in each inning, because evolving strategies (on offense and defense) require them to; and they throw with more effort on each individual pitch, because evolving strategies ask them to.

Second, I assume most of you know that innings pitched per start has actually been pretty stable over the past couple decades, and what’s really changed is reliever usage. Here’s a graph of innings pitched per start and relievers per game from 1969 to 2015:

It’s bounced around some, but since 1995, innings pitched per start has hovered in a narrow band, between 5.79 and 6.06 innings per start. That’s a difference of less than an out per game. So to say that starters are pitching less and less just isn’t true; they’ve pitched at the same level for years. During the years since 1995, though, relievers per game have risen from 2.45 to 3.11. That’s a difference of nearly a reliever per game. And that’s per team-game; it means that for every three baseball games in 2015, on average, there were four more relievers appearing than in 1995.

Let me display that more explicitly. Here’s starters’ innings per game and number of relievers per game for just the 1998-2015 30-team era:

See what I mean? If you drew a trendline for starters’ innings, it’d be pretty flat. If you throw out the first year, 1998, it would be virtually flat. The change in pitcher usage has been more relievers, not shorter outings by starters.

Now I’ve been a little disingenuous in this analysis, because I’ve looked at just the years through last year. The reason is that something’s going on this year that’s different. Here’s what it is:

Two things are going on, to be precise. First, starting pitchers are going less deep into games than they ever have. As you can see by the yellow bars, this isn’t a hundredth-of-an-inning technical call. We’ve never seen starters average fewer than five and three-quarters innings per start; they’re on pace to do so this year. Similarly, we’re on pace for the biggest decline in reliever usage since 1988, a year during which runs per game tumbled 12.3 percent, from 4.72 in 1987 to 4.14 in 1988, easing pressure on pitching staffs. By contrast, scoring is up considerably this year.

Ah, but those words on pace. So far in 2016 we’re seeing fewer innings pitched by starters and fewer appearances by relievers, but are those trends likely to continue through the dog days of August, roster expansion in September, pitcher fatigue, and pennant races?

To check, I looked at innings pitched per starter and relievers per game for March-July, August, and September/October for 2011-2015 to see if there’s a pattern. It turns out that there is:

August looks a lot like the prior months, but things change in September. So that downward blip in relief-pitcher usage to date could turn around in the last month of the season, when we can reasonably expect each team to use about 0.5 more relievers per game. But innings pitched per starter? There’s a reasonable chance that the already-record-low level of 5.746 innings per start could fall further given normal September seasonality.

So why are starters going fewer innings? One possibility is that we’re seeing that numbers skewed by some really, really short outings. Edinson Volquez rather famously allowed 12 runs, 11 of them earned, in just one inning of work on June 24, but his was only one of 16 starts so far this year of one or fewer innings. Several of them involve injuries, but most are reflections of ineffectiveness; there are seven Game Scores of 22 or less in that group.

Here’s a graph of the percentage of games in which the starting pitcher goes one or fewer, two or fewer, three or fewer, or four or fewer innings.

Nope, the average isn’t coming down because of a bunch of super-short outings, because the number of super-short outings has declined, not risen, since last year.

So let’s look at the next tranche, starters with five or fewer, six or fewer, seven or fewer, or eight or fewer innings pitched.

I think we’ve found the issue. Since 1998, there hasn’t been a full season in which 32 percent of all pitcher starts lasted five or fewer innings. This year, we’re on track for almost a third. The prior high for starts of six or fewer innings was 63.4 percent in 2008; we’re pushing two-thirds in 2016. There hasn’t been a year in which 89 percent of starters lasted seven or fewer innings; we’re on track for over 91 percent. Starters are averaging fewer innings pitched because they’re getting pulled prior to starting the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth innings as never before.

More specifically, look at this:

We’re seeing pitchers taking the mound in the fifth inning but getting pulled before the sixth inning, and coming out for the sixth but getting pulled before the seventh, at a rate that’s unprecedented. All that fulminating about starters getting taken out of games earlier and earlier? It really hasn’t been true for a while. Until this year.

Again, we’re talking about numbers through late July. Things could change over the rest of the season. But, as shown above, given the seasonal pattern of starters leaving games earlier in September—whether call-ups getting their first taste of the majors or postseason-bound starters easing off as the tune up for October—we’re likely to see even shorter average appearances by starters as the season winds down. If nothing else, this adds urgency to Sam’s proposal to reduce the number of innings required to qualify for the ERA title. Because given 2016’s trend to date, starters are going to have a harder time than ever reaching 162 innings.

Rob Mains is an author of Baseball Prospectus. Follow @Cran_Boy
Click here to see Rob's other articles. You can contact Rob by clicking here