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May 6, 2004

Not Earning Its Keep, Part II

More on the Unearned Run

by Michael Wolverton

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One big issue I didn't address when I wrote about the wrong-headedness of the earned run rule last month is the idea that, while the rule may have outlived its usefulness today, it was necessary and meaningful in the error-filled early days of baseball. An old friend, Steve Thornton, put the argument well in a recent letter:

Your article on UERA, and the follow-up piece in Mailbag, are interesting. While I agree with you that the current system hasn't made a lot of sense for the past 50 years or so, I think you're missing, or glossing over, the history of the earned run.

The reason: errors. Players hardly make them anymore. But in baseball's formative years, when players didn't wear gloves, errors were EXTREMELY COMMON, almost as common as hits (Cincinnati in 1876 had 555 hits, 576 errors); and when they started wearing tiny blob-like gloves with no webbing, errors continued to be very high, and in fact right up to around the WWII era, if my memory of error rates isn't failing me completely, they were much more common than they are now. The history of error rates is a nice downward-sloping curve, though of course it's very nearly flat now.

But when ERA was invented, those errors MATTERED. And when you look at old-time pitchers, you really do have to adjust for defense somehow. A lot of errors today are pretty tight judgement calls that frequently miss the point, but you simply don't have fielders routinely dropping or muffing balls hit right at them like you used to. I don't mind saying that Roger Clemens should be on the hook for his UERAs, but for Walter Johnson or Cy Young, it's just not fair.

This argument makes a lot of sense on the surface. Steve is absolutely right, of course, about the game's changing error rates. There were four times as many errors per game in 1900 as there were in 2003, and the rate of unearned runs was almost five times as high. And errors and unearned runs were even more prevalent in 19th century baseball. In an era where fielders are dropping balls left and right, didn't the earned run rule make a lot of sense?

No, it didn't. It's important to distinguish two arguments here. One is that errors were once a reasonable measure in the webless-glove, rocks-in-the-infield days of yesteryear. The second is essentially the same argument, except about unearned runs. These two arguments are often treated as interchangeable, but they're not. There's plenty of room for debate on the first argument, but we're not going to have that debate here. This is about unearned runs, not errors. And the key thing to know about unearned runs is this: The earned run rule does not logically follow from the error rule. The earned run rule is a monster unto itself. It's partly built on errors, sure, but it's also built on this philosophy that you can remove the effect of an error by hypothetically reconstructing the inning pretending as if the error never happened. It's that philosophy that's the main problem with unearned runs. And that philosophy was just as wrong a century ago as it is today.

In fact, it was arguably more wrong a century ago, at least in the impact it had in pitching evaluation. The role of pitching in determining unearned runs may well have been even stronger in the old days than it is today. If we compare earned run rates to unearned run rates for pitchers with 2,000+ innings pitched, and break it down by era according to the year the pitcher's career started, here's how well they correlate:


Years         ERA-UERA Correlation
-----------------------------------
1880-1899            0.49
1900-1919            0.52
1920-1939            0.23
1940-1959            0.35
1960-1979            0.22
1980-2003            0.43

The relationship between ERA and UERA was actually at its strongest in the error-happy old days. This might seem surprising at first glance, but it makes sense when you think about it a little. As we argued in the last article, there's very little reason to think that unearned runs are about fielding. The earned run rule--especially the part about ignoring all runs that score after the third out "should have" been made--really only serves to wipe out a nearly arbitrary subset of a pitcher's runs when errors (inevitably) happen. More errors mean a bigger subset--i.e., a larger sample size of unearned runs. So the relationship between ERA and UERA was strongest when pitchers were giving up a larger number of unearned runs, smoothing out some of the randomness that exists in the smaller samples of unearned runs in the post-war era.

Contrary to the notion that the earned run rule is necessary to be fair to Walter Johnson and Cy Young, those guys and the other old-timers make one of the strongest arguments in favor of dumping the rule. While unearned run prevention is a relatively small part of today's game, it played a huge role for pitchers of Johnson's and Young's vintage. Measures of run prevention based on earned runs alone, like Pete Palmer's Pitching Runs, are ignoring a significant portion of the old-timers' value by ignoring the unearned runs they prevented.

If you measure unearned runs prevented compared to an average pitcher, all of history's best totals come from baseball's early days (and nearly all of them come from the era's top earned run guys):


Pitcher            Years      Unearned Runs Prev.
-------------------------------------------------
Cy Young          1890-1911           328
Charley Radbourn  1881-1891           275
Kid Nichols       1890-1906           273
Tim Keefe         1880-1893           249
Jim McCormick     1878-1887           249
Tommy Bond        1874-1884           230
Bob Caruthers     1884-1892           225
Tony Mullane      1881-1894           198
Charlie Buffinton 1882-1892           180
Pud Galvin        1875-1892           178

A better way of showing the disproportionate impact on the old-timers is to compare their run prevention numbers to those of modern pitchers. Below, the first column shows run prevention (compared to league average) based on earned runs alone, the second column shows run prevention based on all runs allowed, and the third shows the difference between the two. Here are the numbers for five of baseball's early greats, and five more recent stars:


                              Runs Prevented, Based On:
Pitcher             Years          ERA      RA           Diff
-------------------------------------------------------------
Cy Young          1890-1911        799     1127           328
Kid Nichols       1890-1906        618      891           273
Walter Johnson    1907-1927        669      818           149
Pete Alexander    1911-1930        508      651           143
Christy Mathewson 1900-1916        398      523           125

Roger Clemens     1984-2003        593      648            55
Tom Seaver        1967-1986        414      513            98
Pedro Martinez    1992-2003        436      468            31
Jim Palmer        1965-1984        326      387            61
Bert Blyleven     1970-1992        312      375            63

Looking at earned run prevention alone underestimates the value of modern pitchers by a relatively small amount, but it really robs the old-timers. Tom Seaver is by far the top unearned run preventer since WWII, but even he doesn't approach the older stars' unearned run numbers. Cy Young prevented more unearned runs than most Hall Of Fame pitchers prevented runs. Ignore those runs, and you ignore a huge part of his value. The arguments against the earned run rule apply regardless of how many errors are being made. It was a bad idea then, and it's a bad idea now.

===========

I'll be hosting a chat tomorrow at 3pm EST (not 9pm as we had it for a while). Stop by to talk about unearned runs, spider webs on the bases, Bud Selig's hair, and other communist plots.

Related Content:  Errors,  Unearned Runs,  Runs

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