May 8, 2012

Baseball ProGUESTus

Splat Albert

by Matt Welch

​​Believe it or not, most of our writers didn't enter the world sporting an @baseballprospectus.com address; with a few exceptions, they started out somewhere else. In an effort to up your reading pleasure while tipping our caps to some of the most illuminating work being done elsewhere on the internet, we'll be yielding the stage once a week to the best and brightest baseball writers, researchers and thinkers from outside of the BP umbrella. If you'd like to nominate a guest contributor (including yourself), please drop us a line.

Matt Welch is Editor-in-Chief of Reason, contributor to Halos Heaven, and co-author (with Nick Gillespie) of The Declaration of Independents: How Libertarian Politics Can Fix What's Wrong With America.
 

By now we all know the story: after a spring dominated by press coverage of his contract, Albert Pujols stumbled out of the gate with his worst full month in a decade. Given that his early struggles arrived on the heels of a couple of decline years (albeit from the loftiest of starting points), people started audibly grumbling the unthinkable: Is the best player of his generation facing a sudden early-30s decline?

Yes, that's the Albert Pujols story. Of 2011.

From 2003-2010 (ages 23-30), when Pujols established his consistently high performance level (an average of .334/.433/.635, OPS+ of 177), his worst two non-injured months looked like this:

Month/Year	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
April 2007	0.250	0.343	0.489	126
July 2010	0.267	0.333	0.515	128

That's right: the guy was so damned good he slugged .500 at his worst, putting up an OPS+ in the second-worst month that matched Torii Hunter's seasonal career high.

But in 2011, after a month of uncomfortable and unprecedented attention to his contract situation, Pujols came out of the gate looking more like Vernon Wells:

Month/Year	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
April 2011	0.245	0.305	0.453	112

It was the subject of agonizing attention in St. Louis. He looked out of sorts at the plate. People started pointing out negative trendlines even in his otherworldly numbers of the previous three seasons—his batting average had declined from .357 to .327 to .312! OBP and slugging down each year, too! All the way through May 29, 2011, El Hombre was putting up a Cameron Maybin-style slash line of .257/.326/.395.

We all know how the 2011 story ended for the Cardinals. After shaking off the bad vibes, Pujols closed out the rest of the season hitting almost exactly like he always did: .322/.388/.623, for an OPS+ of (yep!) 177. MVP voters put him in the Top 10 for an amazing 11th season in a row.

The $240 million question: Can he pull out of another nosedive? And even if he does, how will that contract look five years from now, let alone 10?

I'm an Angels fan who edits a political magazine for a living, so there are certainly better people to ask. But every year over at Halos Heaven I like to tinker with various players' historical comps, and the exercise usually yields an insight or two.

The basic formula works like this—using Baseball-Reference's great Play Index feature, I assemble hitters since 1901 at the same position, who by the same age compiled +/- 25% of the player's plate appearances and +/- 10 points of OPS+. That usually produces a couple dozen comps, which I then whittle down to 10 or so using Wins Above Replacement and some eyeballing.

Under that formula, here is the complete list of Pujols' comps: Jimmie Foxx, Jeff Bagwell, and Frank Thomas.

That's not enough to make a meaningful comparison (though it's plenty sufficient to remind us that Pujols has been nearly incomparable), but expanding the search to include those who played RF, LF, and DH yields just three more (phenomenal) players: Barry Bonds, Stan Musial, and Dick Allen. Since six ain't enough, I widened the OPS+ band by 5 more points in each direction, finally cobbling together a solid selection of 11 comps for Albert Pujols.

Here they are, ranked by OPS+ through their age-31 seasons. It sounds like a Strat-o-Matic Hall of Famers set: Aaron, Foxx, Pujols, Gehrig, Musial, Ott, Bonds, Robinson, Bagwell, Allen, Thomas, and Manny. Take a moment to luxuriate in their awesomeness:

Name	G	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
Lou Gehrig	1538	5714	348	0.344	0.444	0.643	183
Stan Musial	1524	5844	227	0.346	0.431	0.579	172
Albert Pujols	1705	6312	445	0.328	0.42	0.617	170
Jimmie Foxx	1834	6583	464	0.337	0.439	0.64	170
Frank Thomas	1371	4892	301	0.32	0.44	0.573	169
Dick Allen	1363	4985	287	0.299	0.386	0.553	164
Barry Bonds	1583	5537	334	0.288	0.404	0.548	161
Jeff Bagwell	1317	4759	263	0.304	0.416	0.545	159
Hank Aaron	1806	7080	398	0.32	0.376	0.567	157
Mel Ott	2015	7080	388	0.313	0.418	0.551	157
Frank Robinson	1786	6582	403	0.304	0.392	0.563	156
Manny Ramirez	1383	5004	347	0.317	0.413	0.598	156

In this list of inner-circle Hall of Famers and are-you-effing-kidding-me hitters, Albert Pujols through age 31 had the most doubles, the second-most home runs, the third-highest slugging percentage and OPS+, and the fourth-best batting average and run/RBI totals. Those numbers benefited from Pujols’ playing 162-game, strike-free, war-free seasons in a mostly offense-friendly era—creating some distortions that we will smooth out below—but the fact is he compares favorably to his fellow incomparables.

So how did these hitters age? It's a surprisingly complicated question. That's because some of these players, above and beyond being historical outliers, had among the most bizarre career second-acts in Major League Baseball history. I am not exaggerating. Consider:

• Lou Gehrig by age 37 was dead, from a disease that would go on to bear his name. So let's scratch him off the comp list.
• Barry Bonds, already a freak here because of his baserunning and defense, is the only great player in baseball history who had his three best seasons after age 35. Considering that Bonds' aging pattern is historically unique, coinciding with a well-documented collaboration with the BALCO laboratory, let's scratch him off, too.
• Dick Allen was a similar hitter to Pujols, another impossibly huge right-handed masher athletic enough to play some third base, but I'm not sure if there has been any player in major-league history who did more to sabotage his own talent, whether through bad living, bad attitude, or general recklessness. Albert Pujols is a clean-living fitness nut who has averaged 155 games per year; Allen exceeded that total just twice in his career. Take a walk, Richie.
• Jimmie Foxx, who is perhaps Pujols' best comp by the raw numbers, "was a degenerate drunk who often went to bat with a flask in his pocket." As this Foxx bio puts it, "Some have surmised that the length of Foxx' career was curtailed by his drinking, and it certainly did not help. It seems much more likely that it was a diminished batting eye caused by the beaning and related sinus problems that led to his decline. Foxx also frequently played through injuries that would have sidelined other players, and eventually this took a toll as well." Let's take Foxx off the list as well.

That leaves us with a group of seven other players, which is still too small for non-government work but will have to do. Albert Pujols is 32, so what did his comps do at that age?

They flat-out raked. Four of the seven had more than 40 home runs, four hit over .300, four had OBPs over .400, four slugged over .600, four had more than 100 walks; you get the idea. Six of the seven received MVP votes. Here's a full list.

Name	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+	MVP
Stan Musial	154	698	593	30	0.337	0.437	0.609	169	8
Frank Thomas	159	707	582	43	0.328	0.436	0.625	163	2
Hank Aaron	158	688	603	44	0.279	0.356	0.539	142	8
Jeff Bagwell	159	719	590	47	0.310	0.424	0.615	152	7
Mel Ott	148	634	525	27	0.286	0.403	0.495	149	17
Manny Ramirez	152	663	568	43	0.308	0.397	0.613	152	3
Frank Robinson	130	508	421	15	0.268	0.39	0.444	152	N/A

The lowest OPS+ here, Hank Aaron's 142 in 1966, would have been 18th best in baseball last year, between Alex Avila and Mike Stanton.

If you adjust each season for an 162-game schedule, in a park and league context of 4.42 runs per game, and then take the average and median of those adjusted seasons, you get an aggregate age-32 performance like this:

Name	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+	MVP
Average	154	659	556	33	0.299	0.401	0.549	154
Median	158	682	566	39	0.292	0.405	0.568	152	8

It's basically Prince Fielder 2011 territory:

Prince Fielder

162

692

569

38

0.299

0.415

0.566

165

3

Since the American League in 2011 averaged a nearly neutral 4.46 runs per game, and since we're doing things like trying to compare Frank Robinson's 1968 with Jeff Bagwell's 2000, these neutralized average and median performances of Pujols' comps give us a pretty good baseline of what we might expect going forward.

Here's what Albert's peer group did from 33-36, adjusted and neutralized:

AVERAGE

Age	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
33	137	603	511	33	0.305	0.403	0.573	158
34	146	616	517	29	0.292	0.396	0.52	145
35	145	622	526	33	0.291	0.392	0.548	149
36	132	543	460	27	0.298	0.398	0.533	148

MEDIAN

Age	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+	MVP
33	155	693	586	36	0.31	0.391	0.553	165	5
34	148	621	519	30	0.307	0.404	0.533	151	18
35	147	651	541	29	0.296	0.391	0.545	146	14
36	141	588	509	26	0.289	0.409	0.54	151	13

Note that they never stop hitting. They just slowly miss a few more games each year (especially Frank Thomas). Manny Ramirez at age 36 hit .332/.430/.601, with 37 homers, 121 RBIs, and 87 walks. And that probably wasn't as good as Stan Musial's 36, when he led the league in batting (.351), OBP (.422), OPS (1.034), and was MVP runner-up. Hank Aaron hit .298 with 38 home runs (though he was much better the next year, at 37, when he led the league with a career high OPS+ of 194). Mel Ott hit .308/.411/.499 and finished 13th in the MVP vote.

You see what I'm saying here? Albert Pujols' comps, when they were four years older than he is now, when they were the equivalent of halfway through his monster contract, could still on average hit the cover off the baseball.

Ah, you ask, but it isn't really fair to compare Albert to the average of a group of Hall of Famers, is it? And you're right! It isn't fair—to Albert.

If you break up Pujols' career to date in half-decade chunks and stack it up to the careers (adjusted and neutralized) of his comp set from the same age, you will see that Albert consistently hit more home runs and had a higher slugging percentage than anybody, while being third in batting average and among the top three in OPS+. Look how he compares to the average and median of his comps:

21-25

	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
Average	156	675	582	30	0.323	0.408	0.562	158
Median	157	675	571	32	0.319	0.402	0.559	158
Albert Pujols	158	681	588	40	0.329	0.412	0.615	167

26-31

	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
Average	152	664	558	36	0.319	0.42	0.587	167
Median	153	668	553	37	0.314	0.423	0.59	167
Albert Pujols	152	668	560	41	0.326	0.425	0.616	173

If for the next five years he retains his current positioning within his comp list, Pujols would hit something like this from 2012-16:

Name	G	PA	AB	HR	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS+
Albert Pujols	149	637	580	43	0.304	0.411	0.591	159

So is Albert Pujols going to put up MVP-caliber numbers for the remaining 132 games of 2012 and the four years after that? I don't know, and neither do you. But to believe that he won't means you have to think that he is suddenly going to perform not just at a much worse level than his own established history, but also below that of a Hall of Fame peer group in which he has been one of the consistently leading lights.

I prefer the simpler explanation: the man got stressed out (again!) about the expectations surrounding his contract and subsequent bad performance and will soon reassert himself as a .320 hitter with monstrous power and terrific strike-zone judgment. Inner-circle Hall of Fame hitters are such outliers that we forget they don't generally fall apart at age 32, particularly when they take excellent care of their bodies and don't play demanding defensive positions. It's a half-educated guess, but my bet is on Albert figuring it out.
 

​Thanks to Rob McQuown and Hudson Belinsky for formatting assistance.